The Covenant Characteristics taken on the Arabs Christian
(A study and investigation)
Keywords:
Covenant Characteristics, Arabs Christian
Abstract
The author of the unknown manuscript “An Attribute of the Testament taken by the Christians of the Arabs” did not clarify the purpose of his manuscript and the motives for its composition, but from its title it becomes clear to us that it aims to inform those who wish to know the conditions and duties incumbent on non-Muslims among the Christians within the covenants given to them. The position of the Holy Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) on the Christians of Najran and the era of Caliph Umar bin Al-Khattab (may God be pleased with him) for the Christians of the Levant, including conditions related to their organization, behavior, churches, and taxes imposed on them in the Arab Islamic community, citing the narration of Abdul Rahman bin Ghanam with reference to the opinions of scholars And their rulings on this and the sayings of some caliphs regarding dealing with the conditions imposed on them, to mention afterwards the book of Caliph Omar (may God be pleased with him) for his judge Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari in the judiciary, to return and transmit the text of the book of Caliph Omar (may God be pleased with him) to the Christians of the people of Levant, quoting from A series of other narrators transmitted the text on the authority of Abd al-Rahman bin Ghanam, and some of the conditions he mentioned were repeated at the beginning of the manuscript. The author relied on jurisprudential and historical books that dealt with the biographies of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, cities and lineages.
References
بابو اسحق، روفائيل
1- مدارس العراق قبل الإسلام، مطبعة شفيق، بغداد- 1955.
حدّاد، بطرس
2- كنائس بغداد ودياراتها، شركة الديوان للطباعة، بغداد- 1994.
الزركلي، خير الدين
3- الأعلام، دار العلم للملايين، بيروت- 2002.
طقوش، محمد سهيل
4- تاريخ الخلفاء الراشدين الفتوحات والإنجازات السياسية، دار النفائس- 2003.
الدوريات
حبيب، الزيات
1- سمات النصارى واليهود في الإسلام، مجلة المشرق، ج1-2، سنة 43، بيروت- 1949.
References
Holy Quran
Ibn al-Atheer, Majd al-Din Abu al-Saadat (d. 606 AH / 1209 CE)
1- The End in Gharib al-Hadith and al-Athar, achieved by: Taher Ahmad and Mahmoud Muhammad, Beirut
Al-Baqlani, Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Al-Tayyib (d. 402 AH / 1011 AD)
2- The Miracles of the Qur’an by Al-Baqlani, edited by: Mr. Ahmed Saqr, Dar Al Maaref, Egypt - 1997.
Al-Baali, Muhammad bin Abi Al-Fath bin Abi Al-Fadl (d.709 AH / 1309 AD)
3- The Insider on Al-Muqna 'Words, edited by: Mahmoud Al-Arnaout and Yassin Mahmoud Al-Khatib, Al-Sawadi Library for Distribution - 200
Al-Baladhiri, Ahmad bin Yahya (d. 279 AH / 892 CE
4-Sentences from the genealogies of the noble, achieved by: Suhail Zakkar and Riad Al-Zarkali, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut - 1996.
Al-Biruni, Abu Al-Rayhan Muhammad bin Ahmed (d. 440 AH / 1048 AD)
5-Al-Qanun Al-Masoudi, no.
Ibn Hazm, Abu Muhammad Ali bin Muhammad (d. 456 AH / 1063 AD)
6-The ranks of consensus in acts of worship, transactions and beliefs, followed by criticism of the ranks of consensus by Ibn Taymiyyah. Attention: Hassan Ahmad Esber, Ibn Hazm House for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut - 1998
Al-Dar Qatni, Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Omar (d. 385 AH / 995 AD)
7-Sunan Al-Dar Qutni, edited by: Shuaib Al-Arnaout and others, The Resala Foundation, Beirut - 2004.
Abi Dawood, Suleiman bin Al-Ash'ath bin Ishaq bin Bashir bin Shaddad bin Amr
(d. 275 AH / 888 AD)
8-Sunan Abi Dawad, edited by: Muhammad Muhyiddin Abdel Hamid, Modern Library, Beirut .
Rabi'i, Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Rabi’a bin Zubr (d.329 AH / 940 CE)
9-A part of which includes the conditions of the Christians and the results of which are hadiths by Abu Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab bin Ahmed al-Kalabi, edited by Anas bin Abdul Rahman bin Abdullah al-Aqil, Dar al-Bashaer al-Islamiyya -2006.
Ibn al-Saket, Abu Yusef Yaqoub bin Ishaq (d.244 AH / 858 AD)
10- Reasoning Reform, edited by: Muhammad Mireb, House of Revival of the Arab Scientific Heritage - 2002.
Ibn Salam, Abu Ubayd al-Qasim (d.224 AH / 858 CE).
11- The Book of Funds, edited by: Muhammad Hamid Al-Feki, no.
Al-Shafi’i, Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Muhammad ibn al-Durahem al-Masri (d.762 AH / 1360 CE)
12- The method of rightness in the ugliness of the people of the book, edited by Sayed Kesrawi, Ali Baydoun Publications, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut - 2002.
Ibn Qahbiyyah, Umar ibn Qasbah, whose name is Zaid bin Ubaidah bin Rita al-Numayri al-Basri Abu Zaid (d.262 AH / 875 CE)
13- The History of Medina by Ibn Qahbah, edited by: Fahim Muhammad Shaltout, - 1399 AH.
Ibn Asaker, Abu al-Qasim Ali bin al-Hasan (d. 571 AH / 1175 AD)
14- The history of the city of Damascus and mentioning its merits and naming those who dislocated it from among the best or who passed through its aspects from its ward and its people, study and investigation: Moheb al-Din Abi Sa`id Umar bin Tamim al-Amrawi, Dar Al-Fikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut - 1995.
Al-Qurtubi, Abu Al-Walid Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Rushd (d.520 AH / 1126 AD)
15- Explanation, Collection, Explanation, Instruction, and Explanation of the Produced Issues, edited by: Muhammad Hajji and others, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, Beirut - 1988.
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Shams al-Din (d. 751 AH / 1350 CE)
16- Rulings of the Dhimmah, edited by Subhi Al-Saleh, Damascus - 1961.
17- Explanation of Age Conditions, achieved by: Subhi Al-Saleh, Beirut - 1981.
Al-Mawardi, Ali bin Muhammad (d. 450 AH / 1058 AD)
18- Royal Rulings and Religious Mandates, Baghdad - 1989.
Al-Mabrad, Muhammad bin Yazid Abu Al-Abbas (d. 285 AH / 898 AD)
19- Al-Kamil fi Linguistics and Literature, edited by: Muhammad Abu al-Fadhil Ibrahim, Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, Cairo - 1997.
Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Ala al-Din Ali ibn Husam al-Din (d.975 AH / 1567 CE)
20-Edited by: Bakri Hayati and Safwa El-Sakka, Al-Resala Foundation - 1981.
Al-Maafari, Abu Uthman Saeed bin Muhammad (d. After 400 AH / 1009 AD)
21- Book of Acts, edited by: Hussein Muhammad Muhammad Sharaf, revised by: Muhammad Mahdi Allam, Dar Al-Shaab Foundation for Press, Printing and Publishing, Cairo - 1975.
Ibn Manzur, Muhammad bin Makram (d.711 AH / 1311 AD))
22- Lisan Al-Arab Al-Muheet, Beirut.
23- A Brief History of Damascus by Ibn Asaker, edited by: Rawhiyat Al-Nahas and others, Dar Al-Fikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Damascus - 1984.
Al-Nasfi, Omar bin Muhammad bin Ahmed (d.537 AH / 1142 CE)
24- Student Students, Al Amerah Printing Press - 1311 AH.
Al-Harawi, Abu Ismail Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Ali (d. 481 AH / 1088 AD)
25- Defamation of speech and his family, edited by: Abd al-Rahman Abdul-Aziz Al-Shibl, Science and Governance Library, Medina - 1998.
Ibn Walad, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Al-Walid (d. 332 AH / 943 AD)
26- The Shortened and the Elongated, Edited by: Paul Brunle, Leiden Press - 1900.
Babu Isaac, Raphael
1- Schools of Iraq before Islam, Shafiq Press, Baghdad - 1955.
Haddad, Boutros
2- Baghdad Churches and Their Houses, Al-Diwan Printing Company, Baghdad - 1994.
Al-Zarkali, Khair al-Din
3- The Flags, House of Science for the Millions, Beirut - 2002.
Takkoush, Muhammad Suhail
4- The History of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, Conquests and Political Achievements, Dar Al Nafaes - 2003.
Habeb Al-Zayat
1-The characterstics of Christians and Jewish in Islam ,the Eastern journal ,p.1,year43 ,Beirut 1949.
1- مدارس العراق قبل الإسلام، مطبعة شفيق، بغداد- 1955.
حدّاد، بطرس
2- كنائس بغداد ودياراتها، شركة الديوان للطباعة، بغداد- 1994.
الزركلي، خير الدين
3- الأعلام، دار العلم للملايين، بيروت- 2002.
طقوش، محمد سهيل
4- تاريخ الخلفاء الراشدين الفتوحات والإنجازات السياسية، دار النفائس- 2003.
الدوريات
حبيب، الزيات
1- سمات النصارى واليهود في الإسلام، مجلة المشرق، ج1-2، سنة 43، بيروت- 1949.
References
Holy Quran
Ibn al-Atheer, Majd al-Din Abu al-Saadat (d. 606 AH / 1209 CE)
1- The End in Gharib al-Hadith and al-Athar, achieved by: Taher Ahmad and Mahmoud Muhammad, Beirut
Al-Baqlani, Abu Bakr Muhammad bin Al-Tayyib (d. 402 AH / 1011 AD)
2- The Miracles of the Qur’an by Al-Baqlani, edited by: Mr. Ahmed Saqr, Dar Al Maaref, Egypt - 1997.
Al-Baali, Muhammad bin Abi Al-Fath bin Abi Al-Fadl (d.709 AH / 1309 AD)
3- The Insider on Al-Muqna 'Words, edited by: Mahmoud Al-Arnaout and Yassin Mahmoud Al-Khatib, Al-Sawadi Library for Distribution - 200
Al-Baladhiri, Ahmad bin Yahya (d. 279 AH / 892 CE
4-Sentences from the genealogies of the noble, achieved by: Suhail Zakkar and Riad Al-Zarkali, Dar Al-Fikr, Beirut - 1996.
Al-Biruni, Abu Al-Rayhan Muhammad bin Ahmed (d. 440 AH / 1048 AD)
5-Al-Qanun Al-Masoudi, no.
Ibn Hazm, Abu Muhammad Ali bin Muhammad (d. 456 AH / 1063 AD)
6-The ranks of consensus in acts of worship, transactions and beliefs, followed by criticism of the ranks of consensus by Ibn Taymiyyah. Attention: Hassan Ahmad Esber, Ibn Hazm House for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut - 1998
Al-Dar Qatni, Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Omar (d. 385 AH / 995 AD)
7-Sunan Al-Dar Qutni, edited by: Shuaib Al-Arnaout and others, The Resala Foundation, Beirut - 2004.
Abi Dawood, Suleiman bin Al-Ash'ath bin Ishaq bin Bashir bin Shaddad bin Amr
(d. 275 AH / 888 AD)
8-Sunan Abi Dawad, edited by: Muhammad Muhyiddin Abdel Hamid, Modern Library, Beirut .
Rabi'i, Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Rabi’a bin Zubr (d.329 AH / 940 CE)
9-A part of which includes the conditions of the Christians and the results of which are hadiths by Abu Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab bin Ahmed al-Kalabi, edited by Anas bin Abdul Rahman bin Abdullah al-Aqil, Dar al-Bashaer al-Islamiyya -2006.
Ibn al-Saket, Abu Yusef Yaqoub bin Ishaq (d.244 AH / 858 AD)
10- Reasoning Reform, edited by: Muhammad Mireb, House of Revival of the Arab Scientific Heritage - 2002.
Ibn Salam, Abu Ubayd al-Qasim (d.224 AH / 858 CE).
11- The Book of Funds, edited by: Muhammad Hamid Al-Feki, no.
Al-Shafi’i, Abu al-Hasan Ali bin Muhammad ibn al-Durahem al-Masri (d.762 AH / 1360 CE)
12- The method of rightness in the ugliness of the people of the book, edited by Sayed Kesrawi, Ali Baydoun Publications, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, Beirut - 2002.
Ibn Qahbiyyah, Umar ibn Qasbah, whose name is Zaid bin Ubaidah bin Rita al-Numayri al-Basri Abu Zaid (d.262 AH / 875 CE)
13- The History of Medina by Ibn Qahbah, edited by: Fahim Muhammad Shaltout, - 1399 AH.
Ibn Asaker, Abu al-Qasim Ali bin al-Hasan (d. 571 AH / 1175 AD)
14- The history of the city of Damascus and mentioning its merits and naming those who dislocated it from among the best or who passed through its aspects from its ward and its people, study and investigation: Moheb al-Din Abi Sa`id Umar bin Tamim al-Amrawi, Dar Al-Fikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Beirut - 1995.
Al-Qurtubi, Abu Al-Walid Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Rushd (d.520 AH / 1126 AD)
15- Explanation, Collection, Explanation, Instruction, and Explanation of the Produced Issues, edited by: Muhammad Hajji and others, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, Beirut - 1988.
Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, Shams al-Din (d. 751 AH / 1350 CE)
16- Rulings of the Dhimmah, edited by Subhi Al-Saleh, Damascus - 1961.
17- Explanation of Age Conditions, achieved by: Subhi Al-Saleh, Beirut - 1981.
Al-Mawardi, Ali bin Muhammad (d. 450 AH / 1058 AD)
18- Royal Rulings and Religious Mandates, Baghdad - 1989.
Al-Mabrad, Muhammad bin Yazid Abu Al-Abbas (d. 285 AH / 898 AD)
19- Al-Kamil fi Linguistics and Literature, edited by: Muhammad Abu al-Fadhil Ibrahim, Dar al-Fikr al-Arabi, Cairo - 1997.
Al-Muttaqi al-Hindi, Ala al-Din Ali ibn Husam al-Din (d.975 AH / 1567 CE)
20-Edited by: Bakri Hayati and Safwa El-Sakka, Al-Resala Foundation - 1981.
Al-Maafari, Abu Uthman Saeed bin Muhammad (d. After 400 AH / 1009 AD)
21- Book of Acts, edited by: Hussein Muhammad Muhammad Sharaf, revised by: Muhammad Mahdi Allam, Dar Al-Shaab Foundation for Press, Printing and Publishing, Cairo - 1975.
Ibn Manzur, Muhammad bin Makram (d.711 AH / 1311 AD))
22- Lisan Al-Arab Al-Muheet, Beirut.
23- A Brief History of Damascus by Ibn Asaker, edited by: Rawhiyat Al-Nahas and others, Dar Al-Fikr for Printing, Publishing and Distribution, Damascus - 1984.
Al-Nasfi, Omar bin Muhammad bin Ahmed (d.537 AH / 1142 CE)
24- Student Students, Al Amerah Printing Press - 1311 AH.
Al-Harawi, Abu Ismail Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Ali (d. 481 AH / 1088 AD)
25- Defamation of speech and his family, edited by: Abd al-Rahman Abdul-Aziz Al-Shibl, Science and Governance Library, Medina - 1998.
Ibn Walad, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Al-Walid (d. 332 AH / 943 AD)
26- The Shortened and the Elongated, Edited by: Paul Brunle, Leiden Press - 1900.
Babu Isaac, Raphael
1- Schools of Iraq before Islam, Shafiq Press, Baghdad - 1955.
Haddad, Boutros
2- Baghdad Churches and Their Houses, Al-Diwan Printing Company, Baghdad - 1994.
Al-Zarkali, Khair al-Din
3- The Flags, House of Science for the Millions, Beirut - 2002.
Takkoush, Muhammad Suhail
4- The History of the Rightly Guided Caliphs, Conquests and Political Achievements, Dar Al Nafaes - 2003.
Habeb Al-Zayat
1-The characterstics of Christians and Jewish in Islam ,the Eastern journal ,p.1,year43 ,Beirut 1949.
Published
2021-01-01
How to Cite
Assist. prof. Dr. Wasan Hussein Moheimeed. (2021). The Covenant Characteristics taken on the Arabs Christian : (A study and investigation). Journal of Arts, Literature, Humanities and Social Sciences, (63), 53-76. https://doi.org/10.33193/JALHSS.63.2021.377
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Section
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